Human–wildlife interactions are usually centred on the conflict between local populations and species that are perceived as problematic. It is therefore imperative that any strategy to mitigate human-wildlife conflict must account for the socio-ecological-economic stability of the region wherein the interaction occurs rather than merely addressing the visible cause of the conflict event. Our analysis highlights that human-wildlife conflict needs to be examined as a complex interplay of multiple competing factors ranging in scale from the global to the local. We employ a political ecology framework to investigate the case of human-Rhesus macaque conflict in Himachal Pradesh, northern India, to show that human-rhesus macaque interactions originate in structural changes in the region’s socio-economic systems because of global and national economic policies that have shaped the ecological stability of the region. However, conflict events are rarely discrete, localized phenomena with direct cause-effect relationships, and a better understanding of how historic changes in social and cultural practices and politico-economic decisions impact human-nature relationships would lend greater insights into the development and unfolding of conflict events. Human-wildlife conflicts are typically treated as emergent dilemmas related to wildlife management and anthropogenic encroachment into forest land. Therefore, 86% people of the area are convinced that monkey should be trapped and translocated to somewhere else. Eighty nine percent of the local people agreed that monkeys are responsible for disease transmission among human being, whereas, 61% people were convinced that monkeys are damaging properties and crops. Opinion survey revealed that monkeys are becoming danger for public health, crop and property. Group size ranged from 15 individuals to 155, with an average of 48. Eighty four groups of rhesus monkeys comprising of 4051 individuals were recorded from different types of habitat. To know the attitudes of local people towards monkey menace, questionnaire based " opinion survey " was conducted. The identified monkey groups were visited during dusk or dawn and visual counts of each group were made carefully from close distance.
These roads were considering as transects and covered by motor-vehicle keeping the speed 10-15 km per hour. Population estimation of rhesus monkey was done by surveying the area mainly along the different roads leading towards other townships situated within administrative boundaries of Aligarh district. Aligarh district is located in western Uttar Pradesh (India) between 27 0 53`North latitude and 78 0 4`East longitude and situated 126 km away from Delhi on Delhi-Calcutta railways. To investigate this, a study on their population distribution and monkey-menace was conducted in Aligarh district during May – September 2010. However, they are losing conservational support with the rapid increase in their number as well nuisance activities. Rhesus macaques Macaca mulatta are protected by schedule III of Wildlife Protection Act.
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